Oral Surgery (Pain, Recovery & Top Procedures)

What Is Oral Surgery? Benefits, Purpose and Who It’s For 

Oral surgery is a specialized medical field that bridges the gap between dentistry and medicine. It focuses on the surgical treatment of diseases, injuries, and defects in the head, neck, face, jaws, and oral cavity. What sets OMFS apart from general dentistry is that it requires dual qualification in both medicine and dentistry, making it one of the most intensive and skilled surgical disciplines in healthcare.

Patients who require oral and maxillofacial surgery often present with complex conditions that cannot be handled by a general dentist. These include impacted wisdom teeth, misaligned jaws, facial trauma, and even head and neck cancers. The procedures vary widely — from minor oral surgeries like tooth extractions and cyst removals to major reconstructive surgeries involving bone grafting, tumor resection, or jaw realignment. This surgical specialty is not only curative but also restorative and aesthetic in nature, often helping patients regain function, alleviate pain, and improve appearance after trauma or disease.

The benefits of oral and maxillofacial surgery include:

• Restoration of function in cases of difficulty chewing, speaking, or breathing due to structural abnormalities.
• Aesthetic enhancement when correcting deformities or asymmetries of the face and jaws.
• Comprehensive treatment for complex medical-dental conditions such as temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJ), oral cancers, and congenital facial anomalies.
• Close collaboration with other specialties such as ENT (ear, nose, and throat), oncology, plastic surgery, and orthodontics ensures holistic care for the patient.

Across many countries, oral and maxillofacial surgeons work in hospital settings, including NHS Trusts and private surgical centers. They perform outpatient surgeries, inpatient procedures under general anaesthetic, and even emergency trauma care.

Whether you’re dealing with persistent jaw pain, need dental implants placed with precision, or require surgical intervention for a facial tumor, oral and maxillofacial surgery offers advanced solutions that combine medical insight and dental expertise — uniquely qualifying it to address the most complex problems of the facial region.

What Does Maxillofacial Mean? 

• The word maxillofacial comes from Latin: maxilla (upper jaw) and facies (face), meaning it relates to the jaw and facial structures.
• In medicine and dentistry, maxillofacial specifically refers to the anatomical region involving the jaws, face, mouth, and sometimes the neck.
• It covers both soft and hard tissues, including bones, muscles, and oral mucosa.
• Unlike standard dental care, maxillofacial surgery often involves reconstructive or corrective procedures that require hospitalization and general anesthesia.
• It also extends into managing facial trauma, salivary gland disorders, oral cancers, and congenital facial deformities.

What Is a Maxillofacial Surgeon? 

• A maxillofacial surgeon holds dual qualifications: a medical degree (MD) and a dental degree (DDS or BDS).
• After this, they undergo years of surgical training in hospitals and specialized units, particularly in oral and facial anatomy.
• They work across different settings: hospitals, NHS Trusts, trauma units, and private practices.
• Their work includes procedures such as:
  • Complex tooth extractions (e.g., impacted wisdom teeth)
  • Reconstructive jaw surgery (orthognathic surgery)
  • Facial trauma repair (fractures, soft tissue injuries)
  • Oral cancer resection and reconstruction
  • TMJ disorder surgery
• They also often lead multidisciplinary teams, especially in head and neck cancer or craniofacial deformity cases.

What Conditions Does Maxillofacial Surgery Treat?

Oral and maxillofacial surgeons treat a wide array of conditions involving both function and aesthetics of the face and mouth.

 

Common conditions include:

 

• • Impacted wisdom teeth
  • Jaw deformities such as underbites, overbites, or asymmetries
  • Facial trauma from accidents or sports injuries
  • Oral and head cancers
  • Cysts and tumors of the jaw or oral cavity
  • Salivary gland diseases
  • Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJ)

Treatments may also involve collaboration with ENT surgeons, plastic surgeons, orthodontists, and oncologists.

 

What Is Most Likely Treated by an Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon? 

Oral and maxillofacial surgeons are often the go-to specialists for:

 

• • Impacted wisdom teeth that can’t erupt normally.
  • Facial trauma, such as jaw fractures, cheekbone injuries, or soft tissue lacerations.
  • Oral cancers, including those affecting the lips, tongue, and inner cheeks.
  • Cysts and tumors within the jawbone or soft tissues.
  • TMJ disorders, particularly when conservative treatments fail.

They also handle complex extractions and surgeries involving dental implants, orthognathic surgery, and head and neck cancer reconstruction.

 

In many cases, these specialists collaborate with:

 

• • Orthodontists (for jaw realignment cases)
  • ENT doctors (for sinus and airway-related cases)
  • Oncologists (for cancer treatment planning)
  • Plastic surgeons (for cosmetic reconstruction post-trauma or surgery)

How Does Oral Surgery Compare to General Dentistry?

• While general dentists focus on preventive and restorative care, oral surgeons deal with surgical intervention when dental treatments aren’t enough.
• Oral surgeons receive extensive training beyond dental school, often including hospital-based residencies.
• Oral surgery requires specialized facilities, tools, and often anesthesia or sedation — unlike typical in-office dental treatments.
• Patients are referred to oral surgeons when:
  • A tooth is too complex to extract.
  • A biopsy or lesion removal is needed.
  • Facial or jaw reconstruction is necessary.

What Is the Difference Between Oral Surgery and Dentist? 

Dentist:

 

• • Handles checkups, fillings, cleanings, crowns, and minor extractions.
  • Trained in general oral care and basic procedures.

Oral Surgeon:

 

• • Performs complex extractions, jaw surgeries, dental implant placements, and biopsies.
  • Trained in surgical techniques, anesthesia, and managing medical risks.

You’d typically see a dentist for preventive care or basic restorations, but you’d need an oral surgeon for issues like impacted wisdom teeth, jaw alignment, or oral pathology.

 

Why See an Oral Surgeon? 

You may need an oral surgeon if:

 

• • You require complex tooth extractions (e.g., impacted wisdom teeth or broken roots).
  • You have facial trauma from an accident or injury.
  • You’re receiving dental implants with bone grafting.
  • You need treatment for TMJ pain or dysfunction.
  • You’ve been diagnosed with a suspicious oral lesion or need a biopsy.

Oral surgeons are also the best choice for patients with underlying health conditions (e.g., heart problems, bleeding disorders) that complicate standard dental care.

What Procedures Are Considered Oral Surgery? 

• Oral surgery includes a wide range of procedures, from simple tooth removals to complex jaw reconstructions.
• These procedures often require specialized skills, surgical instruments, and anesthesia or sedation.
• Understanding which procedures fall under this category can help patients better prepare and manage expectations.

What Is Considered Oral Surgery? 

Some of the most common oral surgery procedures include:

 

• • Tooth extractions, including wisdom teeth and impacted teeth.
  • Dental implants, often involving bone grafting or sinus lifts.
  • Biopsies for oral lesions or suspicious growths.
  • Jaw surgeries (orthognathic surgery) to correct misalignments.
  • Surgical exposure of teeth for orthodontic purposes.
  • Removal of cysts and tumors from the jaw or soft tissue.

These go beyond general dentistry due to their complexity and need for surgical environments.

 

What Are Minor Oral Surgeries? 

Minor oral surgeries typically involve:

 

• • Simple tooth extractions, especially if the tooth is erupted and easily accessible.
  • Gum biopsies or small soft tissue removals.
  • Drainage of abscesses or infections.

These are often:

 

• • Performed under local anesthesia.
  • Done in a dental clinic or outpatient setting.
  • Accompanied by minimal recovery time and lower risks.

What Is Considered Simple Oral Surgery? 

Examples of simple oral surgeries include:

 

• • Single-tooth extractions without complications.
  • Minor incision and drainage procedures.
  • Removal of fractured root tips.

These procedures are:

 

• • Typically low risk.
  • Require little downtime, with patients returning to normal activity quickly.
  • Commonly managed by general dentists with additional training or by oral surgeons in clinic settings.

What Happens Before, During, and After Oral Surgery? 

Understanding the full oral surgery journey—from preparation to recovery—helps reduce anxiety and ensure proper healing.

 

Patients should be informed about pre-operative steps, what to expect during the procedure, and how to take care of themselves afterward.

 

How Should I Prepare for Oral Surgery? 

• Follow pre-operative instructions such as fasting if sedation or general anesthesia will be used.
• Disclose full medical history, including medications, allergies, and chronic conditions.
• Arrange transportation if sedation is involved—driving post-procedure may not be safe.
• Pick up any prescriptions in advance to avoid delays in pain management or infection prevention.
• Take time off work or school based on the complexity of your procedure.
• Wear comfortable, loose-fitting clothes, and avoid wearing jewelry or makeup on surgery day.

What Happens During Oral Surgery? 

• You’ll receive local anesthesia, sedation, or general anesthesia depending on the type of procedure and your medical needs.
• The oral surgeon will make precise incisions using sterile tools and perform the required procedure (e.g., extraction, graft, implant).
• Most surgeries are completed in 30 minutes to 2 hours, depending on complexity.
• The surgeon will suture the area (if needed) and provide initial post-op instructions.

What Happens After Oral Surgery?

• Expect swelling, discomfort, and minor bleeding in the initial hours after surgery.
• Your oral surgeon will advise on pain management, including OTC or prescription medications.
• You’ll need to follow dietary restrictions, typically starting with soft foods.
• No smoking, spitting, or vigorous rinsing for at least 24 hours to avoid dry socket or bleeding.
• Follow-up appointments may be scheduled to monitor healing or remove stitches.

What Is Recovery Like After Oral Surgery?

• Recovery times vary based on the type of oral surgery performed—some procedures require just a few days, while others involve weeks or months of healing.
• Most patients experience swelling, soreness, and limited jaw movement during the first few days.
• Adhering to aftercare instructions is essential to minimize risks of complications and speed up healing.

How Long Does It Take to Heal from Oral Surgery? 

• Minor procedures, like single tooth extractions, typically heal in 2–3 days for soft tissue, with complete healing in about a week.
• Major surgeries, such as bone grafts or jaw realignment, can take several weeks to months—up to 6 months for full bone integration.
• Healing time also depends on overall health, age, and whether the patient follows aftercare protocols.

What Is the Fastest Way to Recover from Oral Surgery? 

• Rest and hydration are key in the first 24–48 hours.
• Use ice packs to reduce swelling in the first two days, then switch to warm compresses if needed.
• Eat soft, nutrient-rich foods like yogurt, mashed potatoes, and scrambled eggs.
• Avoid smoking, alcohol, and strenuous activity, as these slow down healing.
• Take medications exactly as prescribed, even if you feel better early.
• Keep your head elevated while sleeping to reduce swelling.

How Many Days Should I Take Off for Oral Surgery? 

• For simple procedures, like a single extraction, 1–2 days of rest may be enough.
• For more complex surgeries, like bone grafts or multiple implants, 3–7 days off work is often recommended.
• Recovery time can be longer for patients who receive general anesthesia or have physically demanding jobs.

How Long Do You Have to Sleep Sitting Up After Oral Surgery? 

• Elevating your head during sleep for the first 48–72 hours helps minimize swelling and discomfort.
• Use extra pillows or a recliner to maintain elevation.
• Avoid lying flat immediately after surgery, especially if you’ve had jaw or facial surgery, to prevent bleeding and pressure buildup.

What Are the Risks or Complications of Oral Surgery? 

• While oral surgery is generally safe, all surgical procedures carry some level of risk.
• The likelihood of complications increases with the complexity of the surgery, patient health conditions, and aftercare compliance.
• It’s essential to follow your surgeon’s post-op instructions and promptly report any unusual symptoms.

What Are the Risks or Complications of Oral Surgery? 

• Infection: Signs include fever, pus, swelling that worsens, or a foul taste/smell. Prompt antibiotic treatment is usually effective.
• Dry socket: Common after tooth extraction, especially wisdom teeth. It occurs when the blood clot is dislodged, exposing the bone.
• Nerve injury: Temporary or (rarely) permanent numbness in the lips, tongue, or chin due to nearby nerve disturbance.
• Sinus perforation: In upper jaw surgeries, a root or implant can breach the sinus wall—usually manageable with minor procedures.
• Tooth or bone fragments: Occasionally, small pieces may remain and need removal in follow-up visits.

What Is the Hardest Oral Surgery?

• Surgeries like orthognathic (jaw alignment) procedures, TMJ joint surgery, and head and neck cancer resections are among the most complex.
• These involve intricate anatomy, high risk of nerve damage, and lengthy recovery periods.
• Microvascular reconstruction, often used post-cancer surgery, requires transferring tissue from another body part to the face or jaw.

Is Oral Surgery Painful or Dangerous? 

• Modern oral surgery prioritizes pain control and patient comfort, with options ranging from local anesthesia to full sedation.
• While “dangerous” procedures are rare, complications can occur without proper technique or follow-up care.
• Choosing a qualified oral or maxillofacial surgeon significantly lowers these risks.

How Painful Is Mouth Surgery? 

• Pain levels depend on the type of surgery, but most procedures cause mild to moderate discomfort, easily managed with pain medication.
• You may feel tightness, throbbing, or swelling, especially in the first 48 hours.
• Chronic pain is rare and usually treatable if reported early.

Are You Awake for Oral Surgery?

• Local anesthesia is typically used for minor procedures—you’ll be awake but won’t feel pain.
• IV sedation or general anesthesia is used for complex surgeries or anxious patients—you may sleep through the entire procedure.
• Your surgeon will recommend the most appropriate sedation based on your medical history and the procedure’s complexity.

Can You Resume Normal Activities After Oral Surgery? 

• Most people can return to light daily activities within 24 to 48 hours, depending on the complexity of the procedure and type of anesthesia used.
• It’s important to avoid strenuous activity, smoking, or alcohol during the early stages of healing to prevent complications.
• Recovery timelines can vary, so always follow your oral surgeon’s personalized advice.

Can I Drive Myself After Oral Surgery? 

• If you’ve had local anesthesia only, you can usually drive home after the procedure.
• If you’ve received sedation or general anesthesia, you must arrange for someone to drive you, as you’ll be groggy and unfit to operate a vehicle.
• Driving too soon could be dangerous and legally restricted, depending on your region.

Can You Walk After Oral Surgery? 

• Yes, most patients can walk shortly after surgery, especially when local anesthesia is used.
• However, if you’ve had IV sedation or general anesthesia, you may feel lightheaded or dizzy for several hours—rest is advised.
• Always listen to your body and take breaks if you feel unsteady.

Can You Kiss After Oral Surgery?

• It’s best to avoid kissing for at least a few days post-surgery, especially if there was a gum incision or extraction.
• Kissing too soon may increase infection risk and place pressure on healing tissues.
• Ask your surgeon when it’s safe based on your specific procedure and recovery progress.

What Does Maxillofacial Dentistry Involve? 

• Maxillofacial dentistry is where dentistry intersects with surgical intervention, focusing on conditions affecting the mouth, jaws, and facial structure.
• It may involve procedures like dental implants, bone grafts, jaw alignment surgery, and treatment for facial trauma.
• Often includes collaboration with orthodontists, prosthodontists, and oral pathologists for comprehensive rehabilitation.

Frequently Asked Questions About Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 

What Is the Difference Between Oral Surgery and Dentist? 

• Scope of Treatment: A general dentist focuses on preventive and routine dental care like cleanings, fillings, and crowns. An oral surgeon, on the other hand, performs surgical procedures that go beyond the typical dental office, including tooth extractions, bone grafting, and corrective jaw surgeries.
• Training and Education: Dentists usually complete 5 years of dental school. Oral surgeons complete the same degree and then undergo an additional 4 to 6 years of surgical residency, often in hospital settings, where they receive extensive training in anesthesia, surgical techniques, and complex cases.
• Types of Procedures: Oral surgery includes complex interventions such as impacted wisdom tooth removal, treatment of facial trauma, biopsy and removal of oral tumors, and dental implant placement. Dentists handle non-surgical treatments and may refer patients to an oral surgeon when surgery is required.
• Use of Sedation and Anesthesia: While dentists may offer mild sedation for nervous patients, oral surgeons are trained in administering deeper sedation methods and general anesthesia, making them equipped to manage higher-risk or more anxious patients.
• Settings and Equipment: Most dentists operate in a private clinic with standard dental equipment. Oral surgeons often work in surgical centers or hospitals with advanced tools like surgical drills, bone-cutting instruments, and sterile surgical environments.
• When to See Each: You should see a dentist for general oral health maintenance. However, if your issue involves surgery—like jaw realignment, cyst removal, or bone grafting—you’ll need to see an oral or maxillofacial surgeon.

What Happens During Oral Surgery? 

• Initial Preparation and Anesthesia: Before the procedure begins, your oral surgeon will review your medical history, explain the steps, and ensure all your questions are answered. You’ll receive anesthesia based on the complexity of the surgery—this could be local anesthesia to numb the area, IV sedation to relax you, or general anesthesia if you’re undergoing a more invasive procedure.
• Sterile Environment and Setup: The surgical area is prepared under sterile conditions to prevent infection. Protective covers and sterilized tools are used, and the surgical team follows strict hygiene protocols.
• Incision and Access: For procedures like impacted tooth removal, jaw surgery, or biopsies, the surgeon will make a small incision in the gum or surrounding tissues to access the area. In some cases, bone may be reshaped or removed to complete the treatment.
• Execution of the Surgery: Depending on the purpose, this stage might involve extracting a tooth, placing a dental implant, removing a cyst or tumor, grafting bone, or repairing jaw structures. Specialized instruments are used to ensure precision.
• Stitches and Closure: After completing the procedure, the surgeon will clean the area and, if needed, place stitches (often dissolvable) to help the tissue heal properly. Gauze is placed to control bleeding and encourage clot formation.
• Monitoring and Recovery: Once the surgery is complete, you’ll be moved to a recovery area where medical staff will monitor you until you’re safe to go home. If you had sedation or general anesthesia, you’ll need someone to accompany you.

Instructions for Aftercare: Before you leave, you’ll be given post-operative instructions, including how to manage pain, what foods to eat, signs of complications, and when to come in for a follow-up if needed.